Significance Of Animals Protection In Modern World Essay - 15

Significance Of Animals Protection In Modern World - Essay Example Every day in a great number of countries in the world, animals are exposed to experiments in various researches and testing of different kinds of products, which range from medicine and cosmetics to children toys and cleaning products. During such researches and tests, animals are poisoned by toxic substances, burned, implanted electrodes, blinded etc. In fact, the list of invasive and painful procedures goes on. As a result, animals experience severe suffering, for example, electric shock, isolation from other animals, separation of infants from adult animals, withholding of water and food and so on, which usually ends with death. Animals do not deserve such an inhuman attitude, which is often based on the idea that human beings are more intelligent than animals are. However, this argument is not relevant to the issue at all: smart people suffer from pain the same way people with lower IQ do. It is a well-known fact that animals experience pain as well, and the fact that a mouse doe s not understand physical laws or does not read poetry cannot be perceived as a basis for making it suffer. What is more, a wide range of animals with advanced nervous systems demonstrate abilities characteristic of human beings, for example, experiencing emotions (Panksepp 14). Therefore, the argument against animal rights based on the difference between human beings and animals may be regarded as inconsistent. In addition to this, animal testing, which leads to animal suffering, is avoidable today. The matter is that the evolutionary developments in the scientific sphere give an opportunity to avoid using animals for testing and experiments. In particular, in accordance with Ganganatha and Kuppast, who published their work in International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, today there are alternatives to animal testing methods, which are based on three R’s that is Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement.

Just follow the instruction and pick up one u good at Essay

Just follow the instruction and pick up one u good at - Essay Example Woolf uses this story, among others, to describe why women must have their private space to develop their identities. This space, nevertheless, is not only physical because it is also psychological, political, and economic. Deliberative democracy puts deliberation at the center of democratic processes and outcomes. Citizens must have the freedom to participate in discussions that affect their lives. Political equality is based on equal participation in these deliberations, wherein James Fishkin contends that political equality means â€Å"the institutionalization of a system which grants equal consideration to everyone’s preferences and which grants everyone appropriately equal opportunities to formulate preferences on the issues under consideration† (qtd. in Stein 321-322). Each individual has the right to express his/her own ideas and opinions. Robert E. Stein asserts, furthermore, that substantive equality is needed for deliberative democracy to happen. He defines su bstantive equality: â€Å"Substantive equality arguments claim that along with important procedural safeguards, minimum levels of social and economic equality are also necessary to ensure equality of participation† (322). ... Unless people get fair wages or fair views as human beings, they cannot partake in public discussions (Stein 322). Society, through its web of different sectors and groups, must facilitate substantive equality. Substantive equality provides the necessary foundation of genuine deliberative democracy. Substantive equality has different arguments that must be explored further because they enlighten readers of underlying differences and similarities in the conceptualization and practice of the former. The first approach underlines equal access to resources. Proponents of equal access stress that â€Å"the existing distribution of power and resources does not shape their chances to contribute to deliberation, nor does that distribution play an authoritative role in their deliberation† (Stein 322). People must have minimal access to power and resources to meaningfully contribute to democratic deliberative processes. The second approach highlights capabilities. Even if fair access to resources exists, the absence of capabilities to participate in deliberation renders the former useless (Stein 322). Capabilities supporters assert that the quality of deliberation comes from sufficient deliberation capabilities. Another perspective of substantive equality pertains to reciprocity. Reciprocity does not give up equal access to resources. Gutmann and Thompson assert that reciprocity â€Å"holds that citizens owe one another justifications for the mutually binding laws and public policies they collectively enact† (qtd. in Stein 322). Stein remarks that reciprocity adds a layer of moral perspective to democracy, where substantive equality is right because it respects human dignity (322). People must mutually respect each other’s right to